从指“枭”为“跍”说起
历史典故“指鹿为马”发生在秦二世时期,丞相赵高为了篡夺皇位,说起决定进行一次实验,枭以此来确定自己在朝中是为跍否有足够的影响力。在一次上朝时,说起赵高牵来一只鹿,枭告诉秦二世这是为跍他献给皇上的一匹好马。然而,说起秦二世一眼就看出了这实际上是枭鹿而非马,于是为跍他笑着对赵高说:“丞相搞错了,这是说起一只鹿,你怎么说是马呢?”赵高则坚定地说:“请陛下看清楚,这的确是一匹千里马。”尽管秦二世看到了这是一只鹿,但鉴于赵高的强烈主张和手中的权力,许多大臣感到困惑,不敢公开质疑,因此大多数人被迫认同赵高的说法,称其为马。
这个事件后来成了一个成语,用来形容故意颠倒黑白,混淆是非的行为。潮汕民间却有一句“跍哩跍三年,枭哩枭一时”的俗语,有人将“枭”读作“跍”,与指鹿为马有异曲同工之谬。
相传,旧时潮汕有个乡村私塾,因原聘的教书先生告老辞归,乡绅遂请另一教书先生接位。
某日上语文课,老师教到明代诗人、崇祯十年进士陈子龙的《雨中过李子亭》诗文,末句是:岂能忽使枭鸾分,谁云富贵如浮云。讲解到这个“枭”字,潮州音读[hiou1骁]。字义:①一种凶猛的鸟,羽毛棕褐色,有横纹,常在夜间飞出,捕食小动物。②勇健(常有不驯顺的意思),如“枭雄”。③古代刑罚,把头割下来悬挂在木上,叫“枭首或枭示”(枭首示众)。④魁首,首领。如“毒枭”。⑤指私贩食盐的人叫盐枭、私枭。⑥潮州话“枭情绝义”指奸诈无情。这时有一学生站起来说:先生,这个字不是这么读。老师就问,那应该怎么读?学生说:是读“跍”[ku5区5]。“蹲下”的意思。其他同学也异口同声说应读作“跍”。
老师觉得奇怪,就问是谁教这个“枭”读作“跍”的?学生说:之前的先生(老师)教的……这样一来,老师只好提前下课。找到乡绅反映这件奇事,乡绅听后说:没错啊,这个字读“跍”才对,你看,一只鸟蹲在木上,那不就是“跍”么?你的前任,在这私塾教了三年的老先生就是这样解释的,怎么可以读“枭”呢?
面对这群学生的学习态度和乡绅的素养,老师觉得没有必要在这个私塾再呆下去,遂提出辞呈。乡绅也毫不客气地回怼:连个“跍”字都唔识(不认识),你也敢出来江湖混……
老师摇摇头打道回府。后来他跟人聊起此事,乡人揶揄说:奇乎怪哉!别人教“跍”哩能跍三年,你读“枭”哩只枭一时。这样,“跍哩跍三年,枭哩枭一时”这句俗语便在潮汕地区流传开来。
无独有偶。潮汕地区乡间扫墓、迎亲送礼时用来装祭品或礼物的分三四层、有盖的一种木制或竹制器具,潮州音读[sian 7城](普通话:shèng),规范字是“木字旁+盛”的组合字(《康熙字典》有此字)。但现在仍有白字先生将之谬写为“春盛”(发音“春圣”)误人子弟,贻笑大方。
从心理学的角度分析,这是一种认知偏差效应,是“先入为主”的无意识体现,往往是“错误的结论成立了,正确的却得不到人们的认可接受”。也许普通人经常可能会犯这样的错误,应引以为戒。
【作者】谢岳雄
【来源】南方农村报
(责任编辑:资讯)
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